Orthographic Rules For The Uzbek Language
Translation from Uzbek by Chris Duff
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The "Principal Orthographic Rules For The Uzbek Language" is a
translation
of the Uzbekistan Cabinet of Minister's Resolution No. 339, of August
24,
1995 with its accompanying addendum. In addition to being an English
language
version of the original, this translation provides glosses for the 850
Uzbek terms used to illustrate the rules concerning the new
orthography.
This will assist specialists who are familiar with Turkish or other
languages,
but not with Uzbek. The translation consists of the following parts:
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PLEASE NOTE:
This translation may be freely distributed in any form to any one.
However, it may not be printed in any publication unless permission has
been granted by the Center for Academic Research (CAR). When
appropriate,
CAR should receive proper recognition for its work on this project.
It is hoped the translation will not only serve
as a valuable and timely reference tool for linguists, but that it will
also generate discussion among specialists and elicit feedback from
them
on the wide range of subjects which the orthographic change touches
upon.
The work of the translation was carried out by the combined efforts
of Center for Academic Research staff. The following individuals were
ultimately
responsible for the technical work of the translation:
Chris Duff, Translator
Aziza Tuychibayeva, Assistant Translator
Feedback, comments and corrections are cordially requested on any
aspects
related to the adoption of Resolution 339.
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I.THE
UZBEKISTAN CABINET OF MINISTER'S RESOLUTION NO. 339
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24 August 1995
No. 339
Tashkent
THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN CABINET OF MINISTERS
RESOLUTION CONCERNING THE RATIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL ORTHOGRAPHIC
RULES
OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE
In order to carry out the law for the
implementation
of the Uzbek alphabet based on the Latin script, the Cabinet of
Ministers
has decided the following:
1. The principal orthographic rules of the Uzbek
Language will be carried out (and an addendum is included).
2. The ministries, offices, local governments,
administrative
offices, and media of the Republic will establish and follow
precautions
concerning the implementation of these rules for all types of
correspondence,
press and office related work using the Uzbek alphabet based on the
Latin
script.
3. The Academy of Sciences of the Republic of
Uzbekistan,
the Ministry of Higher and Specialized Secondary Education, the
Ministry
of Public Education and the State Press Committee will prepare in three
months time an orthographic dictionary of the Uzbek language in the
form
of hand book for schools and a dictionary of names and places and they
will consider the possibilities for publishing.
4. The supervision of the implementation of this
resolution will be entrusted to the Departments of Education and
Science,
Social Affairs and the Department of Culture of the Cabinet of
Ministers.
I. Karimov, Chair, Cabinet of Ministers
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II. THE
UZBEK ALPHABET BASED ON THE LATIN SCRIPT
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A B D
E
F G H I J
K
L M N O P
Q
R S T U V
X
Y Z O' G'
Sh
Ch Ng
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III.THE
PRINCIPAL ORTHOGRAPHIC RULES FOR THE UZBEK LANGUAGE
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1. The letter A a:
is written to represent the front open vowel
[1]
in words such as
aka (elderbrother),
alanga (flame),
aloqa
(relationship),
og'a (elder brother),
sentabr (September),
noyabr
(November).
In words like
bahor (spring),
zamon
(era),
savol (question),
gavda (trunk, torso, body,
build),
vasvasa
(temptation),
vaqt (time),
vahm (panic), the vowel in
the
first syllable is "a" in both speech and writing
[2].
2. The letter O o:
is written to represent the back open vowel in
words
such as
ona (mother), omon (safe), quyosh (sun), fido
(sacrifice), baho (estimation), xola (aunt - mother's
side),
lotin
(latin), mukofot (prize), mahorat (skill).
It is also written to represent the vowel in
assimilated
words such as
boks (boxing),
poyezd (train),
tonna
(ton),
talon (coupon),
agronom (agronomist),
mikrofon
(microphone),
direktor (director),
termos (thermos)
[3].
3. The letter I i:
is written to represent the front close vowel in
words such as ish (work), iz (track, footprint), qil
(do),
xirmon (threshing-floor), ilhom (inspiration), ikki
(two), ixtisos (specialty), shoyi (silk), tulki
(fox),
volida
(mother),
piramida (pyramid), bilan (with),
biroq
(but), sira (never),
qishloq (village), chiroq (lamp).
In words such as
o'tin (firewood),
o'rik
(apricot),
bo'lim (department), where the vowel "o'" occurs in
the
first syllable, the second syllable has an "i" in both speech and
writing
[4].
4. The letter U u:
is written to represent the back close vowel in
words such as uy (home), kun (day), buzoq
(calf),
buloq
(water well), Buxoro (Bukhara), butun (whole),
uchuq
(rash), usul (method), yulduz (star), mafkura
(ideology),
ko'zgu
(mirror), uyqu (sleep), aluminiy (aluminum),
yubiley
(anniversary).
When the vowel "o" occurs in the first syllable
of words like
qovun (melon),
sovun (soap),
tovush
(sound),
yovuz (evil),
qirg'ovul (pheasant),
chirmovuq
(general name of all climbing-plants) there is a "u" after the "v" at
the
beginning of the following closed syllable
[5].
5. The letter O' o':
is written to represent the back half-close
vowel
in words such as o't (fire), o'q (bullet), o'zbek
(Uzbek), o'simlik (plant), do'ppi (skull-cap worn in
Central
Asia), bo'tako'z (cornflower), semizo't (type of weed),
gulko'rpa
(embroidered wall hanging), noo'rin (inappropriate).
6. The letter E e:
is written to represent the front half-close
vowel
in words such as ekin (sowing), esla (remember), evara
(great-grandson), ekran (screen), eksport (export), kel
(come), zehn (intellect), kecha (yesterday), behi
(quince), telefon (telephone), teatr (theatre), atelye
(seamstress shop), e'lon (announcement), ne'mat
(benefit),
poyezd
(train), she'r (poem).
7. Consecutive Vowels:
1) Sometimes "y" occurs between two vowels in
speech
but is not written:
a. ia: material (material), milliard
(billion), radiator (radiator), tabiat (nature), shariat
(Islamic religious law).
b. io: biologiya (biology), million
(million), stadion (stadium), radio (radio).
c. ai: mozaika (mosaic), ukrain
(Ukrainian), said (descendent of the prophet), maishat
(pleasure).
d. oi: alkoloid (alkaloid), ellipsoid
(elliptical), doim (always), shoir (poet), oila
(family).
e. ea: teatr (theatre), okean
(ocean), laureat (prize winner).
2) When the vowels "ae" or "oe" occur within a
word
the second vowel remains written as "e" even when it is pronounced as
"y":
aerostat
(balloon), poema (poem).
In other cases, consecutive vowels are usually
pronounced
and written in the same way:
manfaat (use), kauchuk (rubber), aorta
(aorta), saodat (happiness), burjua (bourgeois), shuaro
(poets), inshoot (construction), sanoat (industry), vakuum
(vacuum), muammo (problem), matbuot (the press), tabiiy
(natural), rioya (respect).
8. The letter B b:
is written to represent the voiced labial stop
[6]
in words such as
bobo (grandfather),
bahor (spring),
bir
(one),
majbur (obliged),
zarb (hit).
Even though the spoken form is "p" in words such
as
kitob (book),
yuzlab (hundreds),
kelib (coming),
the written form is "b"
[7].
Even though the spoken form in words such as qibla
(the relative direction of Mecca for prayer), tobla (temper) is
sometimes "v" the written form is "b".
9. The letter P p:
is written to represent the unvoiced labial stop
in words such as paxta (cotton), pichoq (knife), opa
(elder sister), tepa (hill), tup (bush), yop
(cover).
10. The letter V v:
is written to represent the voiced labial
fricative
in words such as ov (hunt), suv (water), kuyov
(bridegroom),
ovoz
(voice), savol (question), volida (mother), vatan
(native land).
Even though the spoken form in assimilated words
such as avtobus (bus), avtomat (automate), is sometimes
"f"
the written form is "v".
11. The letter F f:
is written to represent the unvoiced labial
fricative
in words such as fan (science), fe'l (disposition), futbol
(football), fizika (physics), asfalt (asphalt), juft
(pair), insof (conscience), isrof (squandering).
Even though the spoken form is sometimes "p" in
words such as fasl (season), fayz (delight), Fotima
(woman's name), fursat (moment), the written form is "f".
12. The letter M m:
is written to represent the voiced bi-labial
nasal
in words such as moy (oil), muborak (blessing), tomon
(side), ilhom (inspiration).
13. The letter D d:
is written to represent the voiced front-tongue
stop in words such as dala (field), odat (custom), bunyod
(creation), jiddiy (serious).
Even though the spoken form is "t" in words such
as
obod (well-equipped), savod (literacy), marvarid
(pearl),
zavod (factory), pud (16 kg. weight), sud
(court),
badqovoq (gloomy), badxo'r (bad taste) the written
form is "d".
14. The letter T t:
is written to represent the unvoiced
front-tongue
stop in words such as tong (dawn), tun (night), butun
(entire), o'tin (firewood), o't (fire), kut
(wait).
15. The letter Z z:
is written to represent the voiced front-tongue
fricative in words such as zar (gold), zamon (era), toza
(clean),
o'zbek (Uzbek), yoz (summer), g'oz (goose).
Even when the spoken form is "s" before an
unvoiced
consonant in words such as iztirob (distress), izquvar
(tracker),
bo'zchi
(weaver), tuzsiz (unsalted), the written form is "z".
16. The letter S s:
is written to represent the unvoiced
front-tongue
fricative in words such as sog' (healthy), somon
(chaff),
oson
(easy), asos (basis), olmos (diamond).
17. The combination of letters SH sh:
is written to represent the unvoiced
front-tongue
fricative in words such as shahar (city), shisha
(glass),
shodlik
(happiness), ishq (love), pishiq (ripened),
bosh (head),
tosh
(stone).
If the letters "sh" are to represent two sounds
then an apostrophe is placed between them:
Is'hoq (Isaac), as'hob
(interlocutor).
18. The letter J j:
is written to represent the voiced front-tongue
mixed consonant in words such as jon (soul), jahon
(world),
jiyda
([bot.] Elaeangus angustifolia), tijorat (commerce),
rivoj
(development), vaj (reason).
It is also written to represent the voiced
front-tongue
fricative in words such as jurnal (magazine), projektor
(projector),
gijda(a
light textured bread), ajdar (dragon), garaj (garage),
tiraj
(circulation amount).
19. The combination of letters Ch ch:
is written to represent the unvoiced
front-tongue
mixed consonant in words such as choy (tea), chevar
(seamstress),
chiroyli
(beautiful), chaman (blossoming meadow), achchiq
(bitter),
uchun
(for), bichiqchi (pattern-cutter), kuch (force),
kech
(late).
20. The letter R r:
is written to represent the voiced front-tongue
flap in words such as rahmat (thanks), rohat
(enjoyment),
orom
(rest), doira (circle), bor (exist(s)), diyor
(homeland).
21. The letter L l:
is written to represent the voiced lateral
consonant
in words such as lola (tulip), loyiq (worthy), la'l
(ruby), iloj (means), mahal (moment).
22. The letter N n:
is written to represent the voiced front-tongue
nasal in words such as non (bread), nomus (honor), ona
(mother),
tana (body), bilan (with), tomon (side).
Even though the spoken form is sometimes "m" in
words such as shanba (Saturday), yonbosh (side), jonbozlik
(self-sacrifice), yonma-yon (side-by-side), ko'rinmaslik
(invisible), the written form is "n".
23. The letter G g:
is written to represent the voiced back-tongue
stop
in words such as gul (flower), go'zal (beautiful), ega
(owner), gugurt (matches), teg (bottom), eg (bend).
24. The letter K k:
is written to represent the unvoiced back-tongue
stop in words such as ko'l (lake), ko'ylak (dress), uka
(younger brother), moki (weaving shuttle), tok (grape
vine),
bilak
(forearm).
25. The letter Y y:
is written to represent the middle-tongue
fricative
in words such as yo'l (road), yigit (youth), yetti
(seven), yaxshi (good), yoz (summer), yulduz
(star),
tuya
(camel), dunyo (world), tayyor (ready), soy
(mountain-stream),
tuy
(feel).
26. The combination of letters NG ng:
is written to represent the voiced back-tongue
nasal
in words such as yangi (new), ko'ngil (heart), dengiz
(sea), singil (younger sister), keling (come), bordingiz
(you went), tong (dawn), ming (thousand), teng
(equal).
27. The letter Q q:
is written to represent the unvoiced
deep-back-tongue
stop in words such as qizil (red), qimiz (fermented
mare's
milk), qirq (forty), haqiqiy (real), aql (mind).
28. The letter G' g':
is written to represent the voiced
deep-back-tongue
fricative in words such as g'oz (goose), bag'ir
(liver),
tog'
(mountain).
29. The letter X x:
is written to represent the unvoiced
deep-back-tongue
fricative in words such as xabar (news), xo'roz
(rooster),
xohish
(wish), xushnud (pleased), baxt (happiness),
axborot
(information), mix (nail).
30. The letter H h:
is written to represent the unvoiced glottal
fricative
in words such as hosil (harvest), hamma (all), bahor
(spring), isloh (renovation), nikoh (marriage).
31. Consecutive consonants:
1) Even though the sounds "t" and "d" are
sometimes
not pronounced at the end of words such as baland (high), Samarqand
(Samarkand), poyezd (train), do'st (friend), past
(down), artist (artist), g'isht (brick), they are still
written.
2) Even though only one consonant is pronounced
at the end of words such as metall (metal), kilogramm
(kilogram),
kongress
(congress), two letters are written. But if a suffix beginning with the
same letter is added to these words one letter is dropped from the end
of the word: metall+lar= metallar (metals), kilogramm+mi=kilogrammi
(one kilogram of...).
32. The apostrophe - '
1) An apostrophe is written after a vowel in
assimilated
words such as a'lo (excellent), ba'zan (sometimes), ma'yus
(downcast), ta'zim (reverence), ra'y (wish), ta'b
(character), e'lon (announcement), e'tibor (attention),
e'tiqod
(persuasion), me'mor (architect), ne'mat (good thing), she'r
(poem), fe'l (verb), Nu'mon (man's name), shu'la
(ray)
to represent a lengthening of the vowel. Even though the vowel "o'" is
lengthened in words such as mo'jiza (miracle), mo'tadil
(average),
mo'tabar
(honorable), a second apostrophe is not written.
2) An apostrophe is written before a vowel in
words
such as in'om (gift), san'at (art), qat'iy
(definitely),
mas'ul
(responsible), to represent the vowel being pronounced separately from
the preceding consonant.
33. The final vowel of a word changes when a
suffix is added in the following cases:
1) When the suffixes "-v", "-q" or "-qi" are
added
to a verb ending in the vowel "a", the vowel becomes "o" in both speech
and writing:
sayla (choose) - saylov
(election),
sina
(test) - sinov (testing), aya (spare) - ayovsiz
(ruthless),
so'ra
(request) - so'roq (interrogative), bo'ya (paint) - bo'yoq
(paint), o'yna (play) - o'ynoqi (playful),
sayra (sing)
- sayroqi (singing bird).
2) When the suffixes "-v" or "-q" are added to
most
verbs ending in the vowel "i", the vowel becomes "u" in both speech and
writing:
o'qi (study) - o'quvchi (pupil), qazi
(excavate) - quzuvchi (a man who excavates), sovi (cool
down)
- sovuq (cold).
But when the suffix "-q" is added to some verbs
ending
in "i", the vowel remains "i" in both speech and writing:
og'ri (ache) - og'riq (pain), qavi
(quilt) - qaviq (quilted).
Note:
1) The suffix "-uv" is added to all verbs ending
in a consonant:
ol (take) - oluv (taking), yoz
(write) - yozuv (writing).
2) The suffix "-uq" is added to verbs which
contain
the vowel "u":
uz (tear off) - uzuq (torn), yut
(gain) - yutuq (prize).
However, there is an "i" in the third syllable of
words like uyushiq (united), burushiq (wrinkled), uchuriq
(sarcasm), and bulduriq (grouse), in both speech and writing.
34. When a possessive suffix is added to
multi-syllabic
words ending in the consonants "k" or "q", and also to some words of
one
syllable, the consonant "k" becomes "g" and "q" becomes "g'" in both
speech
and writing:
tilak (a wish) - tilaging (your
wish),
yurak
(heart) - yuragim (my heart), kubok (cup) -
kubogi
(his/her/their cup), bek (nobleman) - begi
(his/her/their
nobleman), tayoq (stick) - tayog'i (his/her/their
stick),
qoshiq
(spoon) - qoshig'i (his/her/their spoon),
yaxshiroq (better)
- yaxshirog'i (best), yo'q (no) - yo'g'i
(non-existent).
But when a possessive suffix is added to
multi-syllabic
assimilated words and to the majority of one syllable words, the sounds
"k" and "q" from the root are preserved in both speech and writing:
ishtirok (participation) - ishtiroki
(his/her/their participation), ocherk (essay) - ocherki
(his/her/their
essay), erk (freedom) - erki (his/her/their freedom), huquq
(right) - huquqim (my right), ravnaq (brightness) - ravnaqi
(his/her/their brightness), yuq (adhere) - yuqi (its
adherence).
35. When the following suffixes are added a
sound
is either added to or omitted from the stem:
1) When a possessive suffix is added to some
words
like o'rin (place) qorin (stomach), burun
(nose),
o'g'il
(son), bo'yin (neck), ko'ngil (heart); when the passive
voice
suffix "-il" is added to verbs like qayir (wind up), ayir
(divide); and when the suffixes "-ov" and "-ala" are added to ikki
(two), olti (six) and yetti (seven), the vowel in the
second
syllable is omitted in both speech and writing:
o'rin-
o'rnim(my place),
qorin-
qorni
(his/her/their stomach),
burun -
burning (your nose),
o'g'il
-
o'g'ling (your son),
ko'ngil -
ko'ngli
(his/her/their
heart),
yarim -
yarmi (half),
qayir -
qayiril
(wind up),
ulug' (great) -
ulg'ay (grow up),
sariq
(yellow) -
sarg'ay (be yellow)
[9],
ikki
-
ikkov (both),
ikki -
ikkala (the two),
yetti
-
yettov (seven people).
2) When the suffixes "-da", "-dan", "-day",
"-dagi",
"-ga", "-gacha", "-cha" are added to the pronouns u (that), bu
(this), shu (this), o'sha (that) an "n" is added in
both
speech and writing:
unda (he/she has),
bunday (such), shunda
(then), o'shancha (so much).
Possessive suffixes are added to these pronouns as
follows:
buningiz (this thing of yours), o'shanisi
(that same one of them).
3) Possessive suffixes are added to words ending
in
the vowels "o","o'", "u", "e", as follows:
a. When possessive suffixes of the form "-m",
"-ng",
"-si", "-miz", "-ngiz", "-si", or "-lari", are added to the majority of
words they do not change any sounds in the word:
bobom (my grandfather), bobong
(your
grandfather), bobosi (his/her grandfather), bobomiz
(our
grandfather), bobongiz (your grandfather), bobosi
(their
grandfather), or bobolari (their grandfathers), orzum
(my
dream), orzung (your dream), orzusi (his/her dream), orzumiz
(our dream), orzungiz (your dream), orzusi (their
dream).
b. When 1st or 2nd person possessive suffixes are
added to the words: parvo (attention), obro'
(authority),
mavqe
(situation), mavzu (subject), avzo (mood), a "y" is
added
in both speech and writing:
parvoyim (my attention), parvoying
(your
attention), parvoyimiz (our attention),
parvoyingiz (your
attention), obro'yim (my prestige), obro'ying (your
prestige),
obro'yimiz
(our prestige), obro'yingiz (your prestige).
The 3rd person possessive suffix is added to the
words:
parvo,
avzo,
obro',
mavqe,
in the form "yi" but to the words:
xudo (God), mavzu (subject),
in the form "si":
avzoyi (his/her/their mood), mavzusi
(his/her/their subject).
Words like dohiy (leader), which end in
"y"
also take the 3rd person possessive suffix in the form "si": dohiysi
(his/her/their leader).
4) When the suffixes "-n", "-ning", "-niki" are
added
to the pronouns men (I), sen (you), the "n" of the
suffix
disappears in both speech and writing:
meni (me), mening (my), meniki
(mine), seni (you), sening (your), seniki
(yours).
36. Even though the following suffixes are
pronounced
in two ways they are written in one way:
1) Even though the suffixes -bon, -boz
are sometimes pronounced "-von", "-voz" they are always written:
"-bon",
"-boz":
darvazabon (goalkeeper), masxaraboz
(clown).
But the suffix "-vachcha" is always pronounced and
written in the same way:
amakivachcha (paternal cousin), xolavachcha
(maternal cousin).
2) Even though the first consonant in the locative
and ablative case suffixes and the third person past tense suffix "-di"
is sometimes pronounced "t" the written form is always "d":
ishda (at work), misdan (from
copper),
ketdi
(he/she went), kelmabdi (he/she didn't come).
37. The following suffixes are pronounced and
written in two or more ways:
1) The suffix "-illa" which forms verbs out of
the
onomatopoeic words chirilla (chirp), taqilla (knock)
has
the form "-ulla" in both speech and writing when added to a word which
contains a "v" or "u":
shovulla (rumble),
lovulla (blaze),
gurulla
(burn brightly).
2) The suffix "-dir" is added to one syllable
words
(except the word "kel") and following the causative suffix ending in
"z":
quvdir (make smb. bow), egdir
(cause
to bend), kuldir (cause to laugh), yondir (set smth. on
fire),
o'tkazdir
(make way (for)), tomizdir (measure smth. out in drops).
In all other cases this suffix has the form "-tir"
in both speech and writing:
tiktir (have sewn), kestir
(circumcise),
uyaltir
(cause to be ashamed), chaqirtir (cause to call).
3) The dative case suffix "-ga", the suffix
denoting
a limit "-gacha", the suffixes "-gach", "-guncha", "-gani", "-gudek"
forming
adverbs, the participial suffix "-gan", the second person imperative
suffix
"-gin" and the suffix "-gina" have three forms both in speech and
writing:
a. When they are added to a word ending in "k" the
first letter of these suffixes is "k" in both speech and writing:
tokka (to the vine), yo'lakkacha
(until
the passage), ko'nikkach (after becoming accustomed to), zerikkuncha
(until he is bored), to'kkani (his/her/their undermining), kechikkudek
(as if late), bukkan (he/she is over), ekkin ((you)
plant
it), kichikkina (rather little).
b. When they are added to a word ending in "q" the
first letter of these suffixes is "q" in both speech and writing:
chopiqqa (to the upturned soil), qishloqqacha
(until the village), yoqqach (after lighting), chiqquncha
(until it goes out), chiniqqani (his/her being tempered), qo'rqqudek
(as if afraid),
achchiqqina (rather sour).
c. In all other cases these suffixes are written
with
a "g" irrespective of the final letter of the word and whether they are
pronounced with a "g" or with a "k":
bargga (on to the leaf), pedagogga
(to
the educator), bug'ga (to steam), sog'ga (to the
healthy),
og'gan
(water which has flowed), sig'guncha (until it fits).
[Please note: End of Part I.]
WORDS WRITTEN AS ONE
WORD
38. Compound nouns or adjectives formed using
the following words are written as one word: hona, noma,
poya,
bor,
xush, ham,
baxsh,
kam,
umum,
rang,
mijoz,
sifat,
talab:
qabulxona (waiting room), tabriknoma
(congratulations), taklifnoma (invitation), bedapoya
(clover
field), ommabop (mass. popular), xushxabar (good news),
hamsuhbat
(conversation partner), orombaxsh (restful), kamquvvat
(weak),
bug'doyrang
(brown), umumxalq (public), sovuqmijoz (someone who
eats
a "sovuqlik" dish), devsifat (infinitely large),
suvtalab
(to demand water).
39. Compound nouns or adjectives formed using
the suffix "-ar" (negative form "-mas") are written as one word:
o'rinbosar (deputy), otboqar
(groom),
cho'lquvar
(one who reclaims arid land),
ishyoqmas (lazy),
qushqo'nmas
(thistle).
40. Nouns and verbs formed by adding a suffix
to a repeated onomatopoeic word are written as one word:
pirpirak //pir-pir+ak// (windmill-like
toy),
bizbizak
//biz-biz+ak// (buzzing toy), hayhayla //hay-hay+la// (to issue
an appeal), gijgijla //gij-gij+la// (to incite action against
someone).
41. Compound nouns and adjectives which
identify
something by comparison with something else are written as one word:
karnaygul (bindweed), qo'ziqorin
(mushrooms),
otquloq
(sorrel), oybolta (pole-ax), devqomat (athletic build),
sheryurak
(lion hearted), bodomqovoq (almond shaped eyes), qirg'iyko'z
(quail's eyes).
42. Compound nouns and adjectives which
identify
something based on its colour, taste or some other attribute are
written
as one word:
olaqarg'a (gray crow), qizilishton
(woodpecker),
achiqtosh (alum), mingoyoq (centipede).
43. Compound nouns and adjectives which
indicate
the purpose or work for which something is intended are written as one
word:
kirsovun (laundry soap), qiymataxta
(cutting board), tokqaychi (clippers), oshrayhon
(basil),
molqo'ra
(animal pen), nosqovoq (snuff box), ko'zoynak (eye
glasses).
44. Compound nouns and adjectives which
identify
something based on referring to its location are written as one word:
tog'olcha (a small yellow plum), cho'lyalpiz
(wild mint), suvilon (water snake), qashqargul (aster).
45. Compound nouns indicating a ceremony,
legend
etc. are written as one word:
kiryuvdi (clothes washing), kelintushdi
(a bride's arrival), qoryog'di (snowing), Urto'qmoq
(hammering),
ochildasturxon
(laid out tablecloth).
46. Compound nouns formed by a nominal
adjective
construction becoming one word are written as one word:
mingboshi (leader of a thousand, a
pre-Soviet
official in Central Asia), so'zboshi (introduction), olmaqoqi
(dried apple).
47. Names of places whose second part is a
common
noun or the word "obod" are written as one word:
Yangiyo'l, To'rtko'l, Mirzacho'l,
Sirdaryo,
Kosonsoy,
Yangiobod,
Xalqobod.
But when the second part is a proper noun they
are
written as two words:
O'rta Osiyo, Ko'hna Urganch,
O'rtaChirchiq.
48. Words borrowed directly from Russian or
formed
by word-for-word translation are written as one word:
kinoteatr (cinema), radiostansiya
(radio station), fotoapparat (camera), elektrotexnika
(electrical
engineering),
teleko'rsatuv (television program), yarimavtomat
(semi-automatic machine), bayramoldi (before a holiday), suvosti
(submarine).
49. All types of abbreviations are written as
one word - together with any suffixes added to them:
SamDU (Samarkand State University), ToshDU
(Tashkent State University).
But abbreviations placed side by side are
written
separate:
O'z XDP MK //O'zbekiston Xalq
Demokratik
Partiyasi Markaziy Kengashi// (The Central Council of the People's
Democratic Party of the Republic of Uzbekistan).
50. When one sound is pronounced two or more
times the letter is repeated:
yo'o'q (No!), nimaa (What?!), himm
(Yes!), ufff (ah).
WORDS WRITTEN WITH A
HYPHEN
51. Word-pairs and repeated words are written
with a hyphen:
el-yurt (nations and peoples), mehr-shafqat
(love-dignity), qovun-tarvuz (watermelon), omon-eson
(safe
and sound), kecha-kunduz (day and night),yozin-qishin
(year
round), asta-sekin (very slowly), uch-to'rt (three or
four),
o'n-o'n
beshta (10 to 15), bilinar-bilinmas (barely perceptible),
bordi-keldi
(interaction), kuydi-pishdi (cooked), don-dun (seed), oz-moz
(a little), mayda-chuyda (small things), aldab-suldab
(deceived),
o'ylab-netib
(conscientious), so'ramay-netmay (without asking),
kiyim-kechak
(complete attire), adi-badi (incoherent),
ikir-chikir (trivial),
duk-duk
(knocking sound), taq-tuq (tapping sound),
qop-qop (very
many), ming-ming //ming-minglab// (thousands and
thousands),
bitta-bitta
(one by one), baland-baland (very very high),
chopa-chopa
(long running), ishlay-ishlay (long working),
yaqin-yaqinlargacha
(very recently), hamma-hammasi (all of this), uy-uyiga
(at/in
home), ich-ichidan (inwardly).
Note:
1) Words formed from a word-pair by the addition
of a suffix are also written with a hyphen:
baxt-saodatli (with happiness and bliss),
xayr-xo'shlashmoq
(to bid farewell).
2) If the conjunction "-u" ("-yu") occurs
between
the pair of words then a hyphen is placed before it and the two words
are
written separately:
do'st-u dushman //do'st-dushman//
(friend
and enemy), kecha-yu kunduz //kecha-kunduz// (day and
night).
3) If main and auxiliary verbs have the same form
they are written with a hyphen:
yozdi-oldi (he/she began writing), borasan-qo'yasan
(you'll keep going), uxlabman-qolibman (I fell asleep).
52. Intensified forms of words are written
with
a hyphen:
qip-qizil (bright red), yam-yashil
(very green), dum-dumaloq (completely round), kuppa-kunduzi
(broad daylight), to'ppa-to'g'ri (exactly right), bab-baravar
(identical).
53. If the parts of a word are connected by
"-ma"
or "ba-" the word is written with a hyphen:
ko'chama-ko'cha (street to street), uyma-uy
(home
to home), rang-barang (vari-colored), dam-badam
(incessantly).
But if the components of the word are not used
independently
the word is written as one word:
ro'baro' (face to face), darbadar
(wanderer).
54. Words which are borrowed directly from
Russian
or are formed by word-for-word translations preserve the hyphen of the
original:
unter-ofitser (officer), kilovatt-soat
(kilowatt-hour).
55. The particles "-chi", "-a (-ya)", "-ku",
"-u (-yu)", "-da", "-e", "-ey (-yey)" are written with a hyphen:
sen-chi (and you?), boraylik-chi
(let's
go), sen-a (you?), kutaman-a (I'll wait for), bola-ya
(child?), mingta-ya (one thousand?), keldi-ku (but
he/she
came), kelgan-u (he/she has come), yaxshi-yu (but it is
okay),
yaxshi-da
(it is okay), qo'y-e (stop that!), yashang-e (good
job!),
o'g'lim-ey
(oh, my son), keldi-yey (at last, he/she came).
But the particles "-mi", "-oq(-yoq)",
"-ov(-yov)",
"-gina (-kina,-qina)" are written together with the word to which they
are joined:
keldimi? (did he/she come?), keliboq
(as soon as he/she came), o'ziyoq (himself/herself), ko'rganov
(but all the same he/she has seen), ko'rdiyov (but all the same
he/she saw), mengina (only me), qo'shiqqina (ditty).
56. Ordinal numbers in Arabic numerals are
written
with a hyphen in the place of the suffix "-nchi" (-nth):
7-sinf (7th Form),
5-"A" sinf (the
5th "A" Form), 3- (third), 7- (seventh), 8-sinf
o'quvchilari
(pupils
of the 8th Form), 60 yillar (60 years), 1991-yilning
1-Sentabri
(the
first of September 1991).
A hyphen is not used with Roman numerals
representing
ordinal numbers:
XX asr (20th century), X sinf (10th
Form).
57. The parts of a compound verb are written
separately:
sarf qil (spend), ta'sir et
(have an influence), tamom bo'l (be finished), sotibol
(buy), olib kel (bring), olib chiq
(take out),
miqetma
(not to utter a sound).
58. Auxiliary and incomplete verbs are
written
separately from the main verb:
aytib ber (tell), olib ko'r
(take and look), so'rab qo'y (send regards), ko'raqol
(have a look), bera boshla (begin giving away), yiqilayozdi
(he/she/they almost fell), ketgan edi (has left),
ketganekan
(has apparently left), ketgan emish (has reportedly
left).
But if there is a change of sound between the
main
verb and the auxiliary verb they are written as one word:
aytaver //ayta ber// (let you say),
boroladi
//bora oladi// (he/she can go), bilarkan //bilar ekan//
(he/she knows).
59. Post positions are written separately:
shu bilan (with this), soatsayin
(every hour), borgan sari (any longer), buqadar
(to
such a degree), kun bo'yi (during the day).
But the "-la" form of the post position "bilan"
(with) and the "-chun" form of the post position "uchun" (for) are
written
with a hyphen:
sen-la (with you), sen-chun
(for you).
60. The following words are all written
separately
from the words which precede or follow them:
hamma (all), har (every), hech
(no), bir (one), qay (what), u (that), bu
(this/it),
shu
(this), o'sha (that), hamma vaqt (always),
harkim
(everybody), hech qaysi (no one), qaykuni (what
day?),
uyerda
(there), shu yoqdan (from this side),
o'shayoqqa (to
that side).
But the following are written as one word:
birpas (one moment), biroz (a
little),
birato'la
(completely), birvarakayiga (at once), birmuncha
(several),
buyon
(from).
Also, if the word "qay" is combined with the words
"yoq" (side) or "yer" (place), one "y" is omitted and the result is
written
as one word:
qayoqqa (which way), qayerda
(where).
61. Words such as to'q (dark), jiqqa
(through), tim (absolutely), liq (completely), lang
(wide), och (light), which come before an adjective and
intensify
or diminish its force are written separately from the adjective:
to'q qizil (dark-red), jiqqaho'l
(wet through),
tim qora (absolutely dark), liqto'la
(completely full), lang ochiq (wide open), och sariq
(light yellow).
62. Compound numbers are written separately:
o'n bir (eleven), besh yuz
(five hundred), qirq ming olti yuz bir (forty thousand, six
hundred
and one), bir ming yetti yuz sakson beshinchi (one thousand
seven
hundred and eighty-fifth).
63. Word combinations in which the first word
is in the ablative case and the second is in the dative case are
written
separately:
yildan yilga (from year to year),
tomdantomga
(from roof to roof).
64. Word combinations which intensify a
quality
are written separately:
ko'pdan ko'p (very many), tekindantekin
(free), yangidan yangi (the latest), ochiqdanochiq
(perfectly clear), qizigandan qizidi (hottest).
65. Words in the izafat construction
are
written separately. This construction consists of adding "-i" to words
ending with a consonant and "-yi" to those ending in a vowel:
dardi bedavo (incurable), nuqtayinazar
(point of view), tarjimayi hol (biography).
But words which are written without the izafat
and combinations where one or both components are not used
independently
in Uzbek are written as one word:
gulbeor //gulibeor// (type of
flowering
plant), dardisar (burden).
66. People's first names, surnames,
patronymics,
pen-names or epithets begin with capital letters:
Dilbar, O'rinova, Muhabbat Majidovna, Azamat
Shuhrat o'g'li, Hamza Hakimzoda, Muhammadsharif So'fizoda, Mannon
Otaboy,
Navoiy, Furqat, Yelpig'ichxon, Salomjon Alikov.
67. Names of places begin with capital
letters:
Andijon, Yangiyo'l (cities), Naymancha,
Buloqboshi (villages), Bodomzor, Chig'atoy (neighborhoods),
Zavraq
(ravine), Yarqoq (pasture), Qoratog', Pomir
(mountains),
Oqtepa,
Uchtepa (hills), Zarafshon, Sirdaryo (rivers), Yoyilma
(canal), Turkiya, Hindiston (countries).
Similarly, descriptive words in such proper
nouns
also begin with capital letters:
Shimoliy Kavkaz (Northern
Caucasus),
MarkaziyQizilqum
(the Central Kizilkum).
68. The names of stars, planets and other
heavenly
bodies are written with capital letters:
Hulkar (Pleiades),
Qavs (the Archer),
Mirrix
(Mars), Tinchlik Dengizi (the moon's surface).
When common nouns such as yer (earth), quyosh
(sun), oy (moon) are used as the name of planets they are
written
with capital letters:
Yer Quyosh atrofida, Oy Yer atrofida aylanadi.
(The Earth revolves around the sun, the moon revolves around the
Earth).
69. Names of social-cultural or commercial
enterprises,
works of literature or art, food or manufactured products, and means of
transport and sporting facilities are written with capital letters.
"Tong" ('Dawn', a hotel), "Saodat" ('Happy', a
firm),
"Navro'z" (a charitable fund), "Kamalak"('Rainbow', United Press
Office),
"G'uncha" ('Bud', a kindergarten), "Botanika" ('Botany', a sanatorium),
"Paxtakor" ('Cotton Worker', a sports stadium), "Qutlug' qon" ('Sacred
Blood', a novel), "Dilorom" (an opera), "Tanovar" (classical folk
melody),
"Ozodlik" ('Freedom', a monument), "Jasorat" ('Courage', a memorial),
"Sino"
(brand name for a refrigerator).
70. The first word in the names of
significant
historical dates and public holidays begin with capital letters:
Mustaqillik kuni (Independence
Day),
Xotirakuni
(Memorial Day), Ramazonhayiti (the end of Ramadan),
Navro'zbayrami
(Spring's equinox, New Year's Day).
71. Every word in names of countries, highest
level state organizations and titles, and international organizations
begin
with capital letters:
O'zbekiston Respublikasi (The Republic of
Uzbekistan),
Rossiya Federatsiyasi (The Russian Federation), Misr
Arab Respublikasi (The Egyptian Arab Republic), O'zbekiston
Respublikasi
Prezidenti (The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan), O'zbekiston
Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining Raisi (The Chairman of the Parliament
of the Republic of Uzbekistan), Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti
(The United Nations Organization), Jahon Tinchlik Kengashi (The
World Security Council).
In other compound names indicating lower level
titles,
only the first word begins with a capital letter:
Bosh vazirning o'rinbosari (deputy Prime
minister),
Mudofaa
vaziri (Defense Minister), Yozuvchilar uyushmasi (Union of
writers),
O'zbekiston
milliytiklanish demokratik partiyasi (The Democratic Party of
National
Revival of Uzbekistan).
The first word in the names of ministries,
departments,
industries and organizations begin with capital letters:
Sog'likni saqlash vazirligi (The Ministry
of
Public Health), Fan va texnika davlat ko'mitasi (The State
Committee
of Science and Technology), Fanlar akademiyasi (The Academy of
Sciences),
Tilshunoslik
instituti (The Institute of Linguistics).
72. Every word of highest state awards begins
with a capital letter:
"O'zbekiston Qahramoni" ('Hero of Uzbekistan', a
rank), "Oltin Yulduz" ('Gold Star', a medal).
73. The first word of a sentence begins with
a capital letter:
Yer tagidan Muqaddasga bir qarab oldim.
O.Yoqubov.
(I cast a covert glance at Muqaddas.) (author).
Note:
1) The author's first word following direct
speech
is written with a small letter (unless it is a proper noun).
"Bu men", - qo'rqibgina javob berdi ko'laga
(O.Yoqubov). ("It's me," the rather frightening shadow answered).
2) When parts of a sentence are ennumerated by
indentation
a hyphen
[11] is placed before each part
and
it is written with small letters:
Ma'muriy huquqbuzarlik to'g'risidagi ishni
ko'rishga
tayyorlash vaqtida tegishli organ (mansabdor shaxs) quyidagi
masalalarni:
(During the time of the preparation for the case
on
administrative fraud the corresponding officials decided the
following:)
- mazkur ishni ko'rib chiqish uning huquq
doirasiga
kirish-kirmasligini
(Is this work considered within the area of the
prosecutor's
competence?)
- ma'muriy huquqbuzarlik to'g'risidagi protokol
va ishga oid boshqa materiallar to'g'ri tuzilgan-tuzilmaganligini
(Is the protocol and the other materials regarding
administrative fraud drawn up correctly?)
-hal qiladi
(... was decided).
3) When the parts of a sentence are ennumerated
using
a numeral or letter in brackets the parts are written with small
letters:
Hozirgi O'zbek adabiy tilining lug'at boligi
asosan
besh manba negizida tarkib topgan (The main lexical wealth of
modern
Uzbek literary language combines five main sources):
1) umumturkiy so'zlar (common Turkic
words)
2) o'zbekcha so'zlar (Uzbek words)
3) tojik tilidan kirgan so'zlar (loan
words
from Tajik)
4) arab tilidan kirgan so'zlar (loan words
from Arabic)
5) rus tilidan kirgan so'zlar (loan words
from
Russian)
(from the "Uzbek Language Textbook").
74. Abbreviations of compound names and some
compounds which are not proper nouns are written with capital letters:
AQSH //Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari//
(USA),
BMT //Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti// (United Nations
Organization),
AES //Atom Elektr Stansiyasi// (Nuclear Power
Plant).
If an element of the abbreviation is a syllable
only its first letter is capitalized:
ToshDTU //Toshkent Davlat Texnika
Universiteti//
(Tashkent State Technical University).
75. The syllables of a multi-syllabic word
which
do not fit onto one line are transferred to the following line:
to'q-son (ninety), si-fatli
//sifat-li// (having quality), pax-takor//paxta-kor//
(man who picks cotton).
An apostrophe remains with the previous syllable:
va'-da (promise), ma'-rifat
(enlightenment),
mash'-al
(torch), in'-om (gift).
76. If a word's first or last syllable
consists
of one letter, hyphenation is handled as follows.
1) If the first syllable of a word consists of
one
letter it is not left by itself at the end of a line:
aba-diy (forever), not a-badiy, eshik-dan
(through the door), not e-shikdan.
2) If the last syllable of a word consists of one
letter it is not transferred by itself to the following line:
mudo-faa (defense), not mudofa-a, mat-baa
(printing-house), not matba-a.
77. When there are two or more consonants at
a syllabic boundary in assimilated words, hyphenation is handled as
follows
1) When there are two consonants they are
transferred
to the following line together:
dia-gramma (diagram), mono-grafiya
(monograph).
2) When there are three consonants the first one
remains
on the first line and the remaining two are transferred to the
following
line:
silin-drik (cylindrical).
78. Letter combinations which represent one
sound
(sh, ch, ng) are transferred together:
pe-shayvon (porch), pe-shona
(forehead),
mai-shat
(life), pi-choq (knife), bi-chiq-chi (pattern cutter), si-ngil
(younger sister), de-ngiz (sea).
79. Abbreviations which consist of capital
letters
or of capital letters and syllabic components are never divided.
Neither
are compound numbers:
AQSH (USA), BMT (UN), ToshDU
(Tashkent State University), 16, 245, 1994, XIX.
80. Letters are not separated from the
numerals
to which they belong:
5-"A" sinfi (class 5"A"), V"B" guruhi
(the V"B" group), 110gr (110 grams), 15ga (15
hectares),
105m
(105 metres), 25sm (25 centimetres), 90mm (90
millimetres).
81. Numerals which are part of a proper noun
are not separated from the name:
"Navro'z-92" (festival), "O'qituvchi-91"
(competition),
"Andijon-9", "Termiz-16" (grades of cotton), "Boing-767" (airplane),
"Foton-774"
(television set).
82. One letter abbreviations of first names
and
patronymics like A.J. Jabborov, A.D. Abduvaliyev are not separated from
the surname.
Similarly abbreviations such as v.b. //va
boshqalar// (and others), sh.k. //shu kabilar// (and
so on) are not separated from the preceding word.
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
IV.TRANSLATOR'S
NOTES [1-12]
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Translator's Footnotes:
1. Throughout the translation
I have attempted to preserve Uzbek phonetic and grammatical terminology.
Uzbek vowels are usually described in
international
terminology as:
a: low central/back open unrounded
o: high back close rounded
i: high front close unrounded
u: high back close rounded
o': high-mid back half-open slightly
rounded
e: high-mid front half-open unrounded
2. These words are pronounced
with an "o" in many dialects.
This
statement confirms the current standard for formal Uzbek.
3. The sound represented by
"o"
in Russian and most international words is closer to o' than any other
Uzbek sound and is usually assimilated as such.
This
statement confirms that the original spelling is preserved.
4. In such words the "i" is
usually
reduced or omitted in speech.
This
statement confirms the current standard that the "i" is preserved in
writing
or formal speech.
5. In this case "u" is
normally
reduced in speech.
Again this statement
confirms the current standard.
6. Uzbek consonants are
usually
described as follows:
b: voiced unaspirated bi-labial stop
p: unvoiced bi-labial stop, slightly
aspirated before vowels
v: voiced bi-labial / labio-dental
fricative
f: unvoiced bi-labial / labio-dental
fricative
m: voiced bi-labial nasal
d: voiced unaspirated dental-alveolar
stop
t: unvoiced dental-alveolar stop,
slightly
aspirated before vowels
z: voiced dental-alveolar groove
fricative
s: unvoiced dental-alveolar groove
fricative
sh: voiced alveo-palatal groove
fricative
j: voiced alveo-palatal affricate or
voiced
alveo-palatal groove fricative
ch: unvoiced alveo-palatal fricative
r: voiced dental-alveolar flap
l: voiced alveolar lateral sonant
n: voiced dental-alveolar nasal
g: voiced unaspirated palletized velar
stop
k: unvoiced palletized velar stop,
slightly
aspirated before vowels
y: voiced palletized velar sonant
ng: voiced palletized velar nasal
q: unvoiced post-velar stop
g': voiced post-velar fricative
x: unvoiced post-velar fricative
h: unvoiced glottal fricative
7. Final "b" and final "d"
are
always devoiced.
8. The spelling conventions
in
this and the following sections are identical, as far as I am aware, to
those of the current Uzbek orthography (except for section 35.3.b which
clears up a question which is currently controversial).
9. In the Uzbek original the
suffix "-ay" is not mentioned in the descriptive text but is
illustrated
in these examples.
10. The rules for
capitalisation
given here are, as far as I am aware, identical to those of the current
Uzbek orthography. A difference from English capitalisation is that
names
of nationalities or languages are not capitalised.
11. The contradiction
between
the text which states that a hyphen is used and the example which has
no
hyphen, comes from the Uzbek original. My assumption is that a hyphen
is
used but I have been unable to confirm it.
12. The text does not
specify
that when syllables are transferred to the following line a hyphen is
used.
I have translated the concept as "hyphenation" (literally
"transference")
partly because I assume this is the intention and partly because I am
not
sure how else to express the idea in English! I have not yet been able
to verify what is intended. The current orthography uses a hyphen in
such
cases.
Translation © Chris Duff 1995